A nice read on causality in public health: Current causal inference methods are relevant and useful because they are directed not at identifying causes, but at identifying effects of interventions (Glass TA, Goodman SN, Hernán MA, Samet JM).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4079266/
I think we can all agree with the famous epidemiologist Mark Twain’s claim that beds are more dangerous than trains.
https://www.mtwain.com/The_Danger_Of_Lying_In_Bed/index.html